Fatigue, Spufford, Chaucer
2 months ago


"A bounding mine is an anti-personnel mine designed to be used in open areas. When tripped, a small propelling charge launches the body of the mine 3-4 feet (0.9-1.2 metres) into the air, where the main charge detonates and sprays fragmentation at roughly waist height.
"The original World War II German S-mine has been widely influential. American infantry in World War II named the German S-mine the Bouncing Betty. Other countries that have employed bounding mines in war include the United States of America, Soviet Union, and Vietnam. China and Italy have also produced them. Some American mines designed for this purpose utilised a standard 60 mm high explosive (HE) mortar round with an improvised time delay fuse which is activated by the propelling charge.
"Bounding mines are more expensive than typical anti-personnel blast mines, and they can be thought too expensive for scatterable designs. Because they are designed to be buried, they are often utilized for command-detonated ambushes, but tripwire operation is common as well. If timing is right and the mines plentiful then they can be used much like blast mines, with a time delay in the fusing to allow those who trip the mine to pass beyond into the kill zone.
"By design, bounding mines contain a large amount of steel, which makes them comparatively easy to detect with metal detectors. However, it is often the case that minimum metal mines have also been planted in the same minefield, which complicates the demining process."
Tintype, also melainotype and ferrotype, is a photograph made by creating a direct positive on a sheet of iron metal that is blackened by painting, lacquering or enamelling and is used as a support for a collodion photographic emulsion.
Photographers usually worked outside at fairs, carnivals etc. and as the support of the tintype (there is no actual tin used) is resilient and does not need drying, photographs can be produced only a few minutes after the picture is taken.
In a tintype, a very underexposed negative image is produced on a thin iron plate, lacquered or otherwise darkened, and coated with a collodion or silver-gelatin photographic emulsion. Since in a negative image the darker portions of the subject appear lighter, or in this case more transparent, the dark background gives the resulting image the appearance of a positive. The ability to employ underexposed images allows effective film speed to be increased, permitting shorter exposure time, a great advantage in portraiture.
First described as a usable process in 1853, the tintype process became very popular in United States, particularly during the Civil War. The process continued to enjoy significant use throughout the 19th century for inexpensive portraits, especially by street photographers.

Thom writes: